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(language) (of speakers)

  • 1 Language

       By 2009, the Portuguese language was spoken by more than 210 million people and the number of Portuguese-speakers exceeded the number of French-speakers in the world. Seven countries have Portuguese as the official language, Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde Islands, Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe Islands, Angola, and Mozambique. Overseas Portuguese, who number 4 million, reside in another two dozen countries and continue to speak Portuguese. There are distinct differences between Brazilian and Continental (Portugal) Portuguese in spelling, pronunciation, syntax, and grammar, but both versions comprise the same language.
       Next to Rumanian, Portuguese is the closest of the Romance languages to old Latin. Like Gallician, to which it is intimately linked as a colanguage, Portuguese is an outgrowth of Latin as spoken in ancient Hispanica. It began to appear as a distinct language separate from Latin and Castilian in the ninth century, and historic Portuguese made its full appearance during the 12th and 13th centuries. Major changes in the language came under the influence of Castilian in the ninth and 16th centuries, and there was a Castilianization of Portuguese culture during the 1580-1640 era of Spanish rule of Portugal and its empire.
       The cultural aspects of Portugal reasserting her sovereignty and restoring national independence was a reaction against Castile and Castilianization. In language, this meant that Portugal opened itself to foreign, but non-Hispanic influences. In the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, French culture and French language became major influences enriching the Portuguese language. In international politics, there continued the impact of the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, a connection that has been less cultural than political and economic. For all the centuries of English influence in Portugal since the late 14th century, it is interesting how little cultural influence occurred, at least until recently, and how relatively few words from English have entered the language. With the globalization of English, this began to change in the late 20th century, but there remain many more loan words from Arabic, French, and Italian.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Language

  • 2 Mirandese language

       A Romance language, experiencing a miniscule revival, spoken only in a small section of northeastern Portugal. As of 2006, the number of Mirandese speakers was estimated to be between 5,000 and 15,000, residents mainly in the Portuguese municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro, and Vimioso, near the frontier with Spain. In a 1999 law, Portugal's parliament granted the language co-official recognition with the Portuguese language. Mirandese has its distinct phonology, morphology, and syntax and this has been so since the formation of Portugal in the 12th century. The language's roots are in the Latin spoken in the northern Iberian Peninsula, as well as in the ancient languages of the Kingdoms of Leon and Asturias in northern Spain. Since 1986-87 in Portugal this language has been taught to students between the ages of 10 and 11 in this area's schools. Most speakers of Mirandese also speak Portuguese and some speak Spanish (Castilian).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Mirandese language

  • 3 idiom

    ['ɪdɪəm]
    1) ling. (phrase) espressione f. idiomatica; (form) idiotismo m.
    2) (language) (of speakers) idioma m.; (of theatre, sport) gergo m.; (of music, art) stile m.
    * * *
    ['idiəm]
    1) (an expression with a meaning that cannot be guessed from the meanings of the individual words: His mother passed away (= died) this morning.) espressione idiomatica
    2) (the expressions of a language in general: English idiom.) idioma
    •
    - idiomatically
    * * *
    idiom /ˈɪdɪəm/
    n.
    1 idioma; linguaggio: the Spanish idiom, l'idioma spagnolo
    2 (ling.) idiotismo; espressione idiomatica; locuzione particolare; modo di dire
    3 stile; linguaggio: the neoclassical idiom, lo stile neoclassico.
    * * *
    ['ɪdɪəm]
    1) ling. (phrase) espressione f. idiomatica; (form) idiotismo m.
    2) (language) (of speakers) idioma m.; (of theatre, sport) gergo m.; (of music, art) stile m.

    English-Italian dictionary > idiom

  • 4 idiom

    idiom [ˈɪdɪəm]
       a. ( = phrase) expression f idiomatique
       b. ( = language) idiome m
       c. ( = style) style m
    * * *
    ['ɪdɪəm]
    1) ( phrase) idiome m
    2) ( language) ( of speakers) parler m; (of theatre, sport) langue f; ( of music) style m

    English-French dictionary > idiom

  • 5 idiom

    idiom n
    1 Ling ( phrase) idiome m, idiotisme m spec ;
    2 ( language) ( of speakers) parler m ; (of theatre, sport) langue f ;
    3 (of music, art, architecture) style m ; in the jazz idiom dans le style jazz.

    Big English-French dictionary > idiom

  • 6 speaker

    1) (a person who is or was speaking.) persona que habla, interlocutor, conferenciante
    2) ((sometimes loudspeaker) the device in a radio, record-player etc which converts the electrical impulses into audible sounds: Our record-player needs a new speaker.) altavoz
    1. orador / conferenciante
    2. altavoz / bafle
    tr['spiːkəSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 (gen) persona que habla, el que habla, la que habla; (in dialogue) interlocutor,-ra; (in public) orador,-ra; (lecturer) conferenciante nombre masulino o femenino
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL el/la presidente,-a de la Cámara de los Comunes
    2 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL el/la presidente,-a de la Cámara de los Representantes
    ■ Mr/Madam Speaker Señor/Señora presidente,-a
    speaker ['spi:kər] n
    1) : hablante mf
    a native speaker: un hablante nativo
    2) : orador m, -dora f
    the keynote speaker: el orador principal
    3) loudspeaker: altavoz m, altoparlante m
    n.
    • altavoz (Electrónica) s.m.
    • hablante s.m.
    • hablista s.m.,f.
    • interlocutor s.m.
    • orador, -ora s.m.,f.
    • vocero, -era s.m.,f.
    'spiːkər, 'spiːkə(r)
    1)
    b) ( in public) orador, -dora m,f
    c) ( of language) hablante mf

    a native speaker of Spanish, a Spanish native speaker — un hablante nativo de español

    d) ( Govt) presidente, -ta m,f
    2) ( Audio)
    a) ( loudspeaker) altavoz m, (alto)parlante m (AmS)
    b) ( of hi-fi) baf(f)le m, parlante m (AmS)
    ['spiːkǝ(r)]
    N
    1) (gen) el(-la) m / f que habla; (in public) orador(a) m / f ; (at conference) ponente mf, orador(a) m / f ; (=lecturer) conferenciante mf

    as the last speaker said... — como dijo el señor/la señora que acaba de hablar...

    he's a good speaker — es buen orador, habla bien

    2) [of language] hablante mf

    French speakers — los hablantes de francés, los francoparlantes

    all speakers of Spanish — todos los que hablan español, todos los hispanohablantes

    are you a Welsh speaker? — ¿habla usted galés?

    3) (=loud-speaker) altavoz m, altoparlante m (LAm)
    speakers [of hi-fi system] bafles mpl, parlantes mpl
    4) (Pol)

    the Speaker — (Brit) el Presidente/la Presidenta de la Cámara de los Comunes; (US) el Presidente/la Presidenta de la Cámara de los Representantes

    See:
    see cultural note FRONT BENCH in front
    SPEAKER En el sistema parlamentario británico el Speaker es la máxima autoridad de la Cámara de los Comunes ( House of Commons) y su misión es presidirla y hacer que se guarde el orden y que se acaten las normas establecidas. Es elegido al comienzo de la legislatura por parlamentarios ( MPs) de todos los partidos y puede pertenecer a cualquiera de ellos. Una vez que toma posesión de su cargo, el Speaker no vota ni toma la palabra (excepto a nivel oficial) y ha de ser totalmente imparcial. Los parlamentarios suelen comenzar sus discursos dirigiéndose al Speaker en vez de a toda la Cámara, como por ejemplo en: Mister/Madam Speaker, I feel very strongly about this.
    En Estados Unidos, el Speaker es el encargado de presidir la Cámara de los Representantes ( House of Representatives) y es también el dirigente del partido mayoritario, además de miembro de la Cámara. Es elegido por los miembros de su partido y se encarga de las actas de las sesiones de la Cámara y de actuar como portavoz de su partido. Es uno de los puestos más influyentes del gobierno federal, además de ser el que sigue al Vicepresidente ( Vice-President) en la sucesión a la presidencia.
    * * *
    ['spiːkər, 'spiːkə(r)]
    1)
    b) ( in public) orador, -dora m,f
    c) ( of language) hablante mf

    a native speaker of Spanish, a Spanish native speaker — un hablante nativo de español

    d) ( Govt) presidente, -ta m,f
    2) ( Audio)
    a) ( loudspeaker) altavoz m, (alto)parlante m (AmS)
    b) ( of hi-fi) baf(f)le m, parlante m (AmS)

    English-spanish dictionary > speaker

  • 7 speaker

    noun
    1) (in public) Redner, der/Rednerin, die
    2) (of a language) Sprecher, der/Sprecherin, die

    be a French speaker, be a speaker of French — Französisch sprechen

    3)

    Speaker — (Polit.) Sprecher, der; ≈ Parlamentspräsident, der

    4) see academic.ru/43896/loudspeaker">loudspeaker
    •• Cultural note:
    Der Sprecher des House of Representatives wird von der Mehrheitspartei gestellt. Er ist der Führer seiner Partei und hat eine starke Stellung im Repräsentantenhaus, besonders bei der Wahl von Ausschussmitgliedern. Er ruft Versammlungen zur Ordnung und erteilt Abgeordneten das Wort. Bei Debatten wird der Sprecher mit Mr Speaker angeredet
    Der Sprecher des House of Representatives wird von der Mehrheitspartei gestellt. Er ist der Führer seiner Partei und hat eine starke Stellung im Repräsentantenhaus, besonders bei der Wahl von Ausschussmitgliedern. Er ruft Versammlungen zur Ordnung und erteilt Abgeordneten das Wort. Bei Debatten wird der Sprecher mit Mr Speaker angeredet
    * * *
    1) (a person who is or was speaking.) der/die Redner(in)
    2) ((sometimes loudspeaker) the device in a radio, record-player etc which converts the electrical impulses into audible sounds: Our record-player needs a new speaker.) der Lautsprecher
    * * *
    speak·er
    [ˈspi:kəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    n
    1. (orator) Redner(in) m(f)
    guest \speaker Gastredner(in) m(f)
    keynote \speaker Hauptsprecher(in) m(f), politischer Programmredner/politische Programmrednerin
    to be a plain \speaker die Dinge offen beim Namen nennen
    public \speaker öffentlicher Redner/öffentliche Rednerin
    2. of language Sprecher(in) m(f)
    he's a French \speaker er spricht Französisch
    she's a [fluent] \speaker of various languages sie spricht mehrere Sprachen [fließend]
    the couple there are non-English \speakers dieses Paar dort spricht kein Englisch
    native \speaker Muttersprachler(in) m(f), Muttersprachige(r) f(m) SCHWEIZ
    3. (chair)
    ▪ S\speaker Sprecher(in) m(f)
    Madame \speaker Frau Vorsitzende
    the S\speaker of the House AM POL der Vorsitzende des Repräsentantenhauses
    4. (loudspeaker) Lautsprecher m
    * * *
    ['spiːkə(r)]
    n
    1) (of language) Sprecher m

    all speakers of German, all German speakers — alle, die Deutsch sprechen, alle Deutsch Sprechenden; (esp native speakers) alle Deutschsprachigen

    2) Sprecher(in) m(f); (in lecture, = public speaker) Redner(in) m(f)

    our speaker today is... —

    he's a good/poor speaker — er ist ein guter/schlechter Redner

    3) (= loudspeaker) Lautsprecher m; (on hi-fi etc) Box f
    4) (PARL)

    Mr Speaker — ≈ Herr Präsident

    * * *
    1. Sprecher(in), Redner(in)
    2. Speaker PARL Speaker m:
    a) Br Präsident(in) des Unter- oder Oberhauses
    b) US Präsident(in) des Kongresses:
    Mr Speaker Herr Präsident;
    catch the Speaker’s eye das Wort erhalten
    3. a speaker of English, an English speaker jemand, der Englisch spricht oder kann:
    he’s a speaker of English er spricht oder kann Englisch
    4. US Vortragsbuch n
    5. ELEK Lautsprecher m
    * * *
    noun
    1) (in public) Redner, der/Rednerin, die
    2) (of a language) Sprecher, der/Sprecherin, die

    be a French speaker, be a speaker of French — Französisch sprechen

    3)

    Speaker — (Polit.) Sprecher, der; ≈ Parlamentspräsident, der

    •• Cultural note:
    Der Sprecher des House of Representatives wird von der Mehrheitspartei gestellt. Er ist der Führer seiner Partei und hat eine starke Stellung im Repräsentantenhaus, besonders bei der Wahl von Ausschussmitgliedern. Er ruft Versammlungen zur Ordnung und erteilt Abgeordneten das Wort. Bei Debatten wird der Sprecher mit Mr Speaker angeredet
    Der Sprecher des House of Representatives wird von der Mehrheitspartei gestellt. Er ist der Führer seiner Partei und hat eine starke Stellung im Repräsentantenhaus, besonders bei der Wahl von Ausschussmitgliedern. Er ruft Versammlungen zur Ordnung und erteilt Abgeordneten das Wort. Bei Debatten wird der Sprecher mit Mr Speaker angeredet
    * * *
    n.
    Redner - m.
    Referent -en m.
    Sprecher - m.

    English-german dictionary > speaker

  • 8 TEFL

    tr['tefəl, 'tiː'iː'ef'el]
    'tefəl
    mass noun (BrE) (= teaching English as a foreign language) enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera
    ['tefl]
    N ABBR = Teaching of English as a Foreign Language TEFL/EFL, TESL/ESL, ELT, TESOL/ESOL Los términos TEFL (Teaching (of) English as a Foreign Language: enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera) y EFL (English as a Foreign Language: inglés para extranjeros) se usan para hablar de la enseñanza del inglés a personas que no viven en un país de habla inglesa.
    TESL (Teaching (of) English as a Second Language: enseñanza del inglés como segunda lengua) y ESL (English as a Second Language: inglés como segunda lengua) se refieren a la enseñanza del inglés a personas que viven en un país de habla inglesa pero tienen otra lengua materna, por ejemplo, los miembros de las minorías étnicas. Este tipo de enseñanza intenta integrar el entorno cultural del alumno y aprovechar el conocimiento de su lengua materna en el proceso de aprendizaje.
    ELT (English Language Teaching: enseñanza del inglés) es el término que se aplica a la enseñanza del inglés en general y, por tanto, engloba a los ya mencionados.
    TESOL ( Teaching (of) English to Speakers of Other Languages) es el término de inglés americano que equivale a TEFL y a TESL. ESOL ( English for Speakers of Other Languages) es el equivalente a EFL y ESL.
    * * *
    ['tefəl]
    mass noun (BrE) (= teaching English as a foreign language) enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera

    English-spanish dictionary > TEFL

  • 9 speaker

    speaker ['spi:kə(r)]
    (a) (gen) celui m /celle f qui parle; (in discussion) interlocuteur(trice) m,f; (in public) orateur(trice) m,f; (during debate, at conference) intervenant(e) m,f;
    ∎ she's a good speaker elle sait parler ou s'exprimer en public;
    ∎ the chairman called the next speaker le président a appelé l'orateur(trice) m,f suivant(e)
    (b) Linguistics locuteur(trice) m,f;
    ∎ native speakers of English ceux dont la langue maternelle est l'anglais;
    ∎ Spanish speaker hispanophone mf;
    ∎ as a speaker of Italian or an Italian speaker myself… moi qui parle italien…;
    ∎ my parents are Welsh speakers mes parents sont galloisants ou parlent (le) gallois;
    ∎ there are very few surviving speakers of the language il reste très peu de personnes qui parlent cette langue
    (c) Politics speaker m, président(e) m,f de l'assemblée
    ∎ the Speaker (of the House of Commons) = le président de la Chambre des communes;
    ∎ the Speaker of the House = le président de la Chambre des représentants américaine
    (d) (loudspeaker) haut-parleur m; (in stereo system) enceinte f, baffle m
    ►► Speakers' Corner = angle nord-est de Hyde Park, à Londres, où chacun peut venir le week-end haranguer la foule sur des tribunes improvisées;
    speaker phone téléphone m avec haut-parleur
    ⓘ SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE Le président de la Chambre des représentants est l'une des personnalités politiques les plus influentes à la Maison Blanche, et vient en deuxième position pour remplacer le président des États-Unis en cas de force majeure.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > speaker

  • 10 Grammar

       I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)
       Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)
       Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)
       4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance
       he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.
       Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)
       here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)
       A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar

  • 11 Swahili

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] Swahili (language)
    [Swahili Word] Kiswahili
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7
    [Derived Word] ki- (language) + swahili (the Swahili region)
    [Related Words] Mswahili, Uswahili
    [English Example] many people of Tanzania and Kenya speak Swahili
    [Swahili Example] watu wengi wa Tanzania na Kenya husema Kiswahili.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] person from the Swahili region
    [English Plural] people from the Swahili region
    [Swahili Word] Mswahili
    [Swahili Plural] Waswahili
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 1/2
    [Derived Language] Arabic
    [Derived Word] سواحل
    [Related Words] Swahili, Kiswahili, Uswahili
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] speaker of the Swahili language
    [English Plural] speakers of Swahili
    [Swahili Word] Mswahili
    [Swahili Plural] Waswahili
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 1/2
    [Derived Language] Arabic
    [Derived Word] سواحل
    [Related Words] Swahili, Kiswahili, Uswahili
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] Swahili
    [Swahili Word] -a kiswahili
    [Part of Speech] adjective
    [Related Words] Mswahili, Uswahili
    [English Example] ubwabwa is Swahili food, rice cooked with coconut
    [Swahili Example] ubwabwa ni chakula cha Kiswahili, wali uliopikwa na nazi
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] in a Swahili manner
    [Swahili Word] Kiswahili
    [Part of Speech] adverb
    [Related Words] Mswahili, Uswahili
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] of the Swahili people or region
    [Swahili Word] -swahili
    [Part of Speech] adjective
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] Swahili coast
    [Swahili Word] Uswahili
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9
    [Terminology] geography
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] region of East Africa where most people speak the Swahili language
    [Swahili Word] Uswahili
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9
    [Terminology] geography
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] coastal area of East Africa where Swahili is spoken as a native language
    [Swahili Word] Uswahili
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9
    [Terminology] geography
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] Old Swahili (the language of Lamu preserved in literary works)
    [Swahili Word] Kiamu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] Old Swahili (the language of Malindi and Pate preseved in poetry)
    [Swahili Word] Kingozi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] Swahili (language)
    [Swahili Word] Kijomba
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7
    [Dialect] archaic
    [Related Words] mjomba, Ujomba
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > Swahili

  • 12 TESOL

    [ˈti:sɒl, AM -sɑ:l]
    n no pl abbrev of teaching English to speakers of other languages TESOL nt (das Unterrichten von Englisch als Fremdsprache)
    * * *
    abbr See: of Teaching of English as a Second or Other Language → academic.ru/73795/TEFL">TEFL
    * * *
    TESOL abk US teaching English to speakers of other languages (teaching of English to speakers of other languages) Unterrichten n von Englisch als Fremdsprache

    English-german dictionary > TESOL

  • 13 Translation

       What such a suggestion amounts to, if taken seriously, is the requirement that a translation machine should not only be supplied with a dictionary but also with a universal encyclopedia. This is surely utterly chimerical and hardly deserves any further discussion. (Bar-Hillel, 1960, p. 160)
       By intervening in highly abstract realms of thought to shape their speakers' cognitive lives, languages act to insure the maintenance across generations of the most complex cognitive attainments of the human race and of the most complex cognitive attainments of its individual cultures. But, ironically, these same cognitive contributions act to separate their speakers cognitively from speakers of other languages-to create and perpetuate significant cognitive barriers to cross-linguistic communication and understanding. The barriers are certainly not impenetrable. But to penetrate them one cannot rely simply on a translation equivalent or a convenient paraphrase. Here, in highly abstract realms of thought, translation depends on, and provides the direction for, cognitive growth. (Bloom, 1981, p. 86)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Translation

  • 14 English

    English ['ɪŋglɪʃ]
    ∎ the English les Anglais mpl
    2 noun
    (language) anglais m;
    ∎ do or can you speak English? parlez-vous (l')anglais?;
    ∎ to study English étudier ou apprendre l'anglais;
    ∎ she speaks excellent English elle parle très bien (l')anglais;
    ∎ we spoke (in) English to each other nous nous sommes parlé en anglais;
    ∎ that's not good English ce n'est pas du bon anglais;
    ∎ in plain or simple English clairement;
    ∎ so what you mean, in plain or simple English, is that… autrement dit ou en d'autres termes, ce que vous voulez dire, c'est que…;
    ∎ can you put that in plain or simple English? pouvez-vous vous exprimer plus clairement?;
    ∎ why can't lawyers talk in plain or simple English? pourquoi les hommes de loi ne parlent-ils pas comme vous et moi?;
    ∎ American/Australian English l'anglais m américain/australien;
    ∎ the King's/Queen's English l'anglais m correct;
    ∎ English as a Foreign Language anglais m langue étrangère;
    ∎ English Language Teaching enseignement m de l'anglais;
    ∎ English as a Second Language anglais m deuxième langue
    anglais
    (embassy) d'Angleterre; (history) de l'Angleterre; (teacher) d'anglais
    ►► English breakfast petit déjeuner m anglais ou à l'anglaise, breakfast m;
    the English Channel la Manche;
    the English disease (strikes) = terme faisant référence à la fréquence des grèves avant les lois anti-syndicales en Grande-Bretagne; (hooliganism) = expression qui fait référence aux violences auxquelles se livrent les supporters anglais;
    English English l'anglais m d'Angleterre;
    English Heritage = organisme britannique de protection du patrimoine historique;
    American Music English horn cor m anglais;
    American English muffin muffin m;
    English National Opera opéra m national d'Angleterre;
    English Riviera = surnom donné à Torbay en raison de la douceur de son climat et de la popularité de ses stations balnéaires;
    English rose = le type idéal de la femme anglaise;
    English setter setter m anglais;
    American English sheepdog bobtail m;
    English speaker (as native speaker) anglophone mf; (as non-native speaker) personne f parlant anglais;
    American English for Speakers of Other Languages = anglais langue étrangère;
    English for special purposes = anglais spécialisé
    ⓘ ENGLISH BREAKFAST Le petit déjeuner traditionnel anglais se compose d'un plat chaud (des œufs au bacon, par exemple), de céréales ou de porridge, et de toasts à la marmelade d'oranges, le tout accompagné de café ou de thé; aujourd'hui il est généralement remplacé par une collation plus légère.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > English

  • 15 practical\ stylistic

    the stylistics, proceeding form the norms of language usage at a given period and teaching these norms to language speakers, especially the ones, dealing with the language professionally (editors, publishers, writers, journalists, teachers, etc.). (V.A.K.)

    English-Russian dictionary of stylistics (terminology and examples) > practical\ stylistic

  • 16 CELTA

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > CELTA

  • 17 celta

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > celta

  • 18 Aramaean

    [English Word] Aramaean
    [English Plural] Aramaeans
    [Swahili Word] Mwaramea
    [Swahili Plural] Waaramea
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 1/2
    [English Definition] speakers of the historical Aramaic language of present-day central Syria
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > Aramaean

  • 19 speaker *** speak·er n

    ['spiːkə(r)]
    1) (gen) chi parla, (in discussion) interlocutore (-trice), (in public) oratore (-trice)

    he's a good/poor speaker — è un buon/pessimo oratore

    2)

    (of language) are you a Welsh speaker? — parla gallese?

    3) (also: loudspeaker) altoparlante m

    English-Italian dictionary > speaker *** speak·er n

  • 20 native speaker

    (a person who has spoken a particular language ever since he was able to speak at all: I am a native speaker of English; a native Spanish speaker.) jemand mit der Muttersprache...
    * * *
    na·tive ˈspeak·er
    n Muttersprachler(in) m(f)
    all the teachers were \native speakers of English alle Lehrer waren englische Muttersprachler
    * * *
    native speaker s Muttersprachler(in):
    native speaker of English englischer Muttersprachler
    * * *
    n.
    Muttersprachler m.

    English-german dictionary > native speaker

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